Tag: biblical history

  • Journey Essentials

    Journey Essentials

    Introduction I

    [Ebal’s Plea, five of thirty-two]

    This journey’s operation order reads:

    Situation:

    • Geography

    Where is Mt. Ebal?

    It rises in the northern third of Samaria / Judea adjacent to its slightly smaller sister–Mt. Gerazim, flanking on the south. Between the two runs a pass where one sees modern Nablus on a western neck. The location of ancient Shechem lies nearby a little eastward.

    Nabus,-Ancient-Shechem

    Nablus, Ancient Shechem

    Nablus Ancient Shechem by David Roberts (Scottish, 1796)u20131864

    Licensed under CC-CC0 1.0

    Through this passage people have accessed since antiquity the Jordan Valley on the east and the Plain of Sharon and the Mediterranean on the west.

    Bathers-on-the-banks-of-the-Jordan-River

    Bathers on the banks of the Jordan

    A sweeping view to the North reveals the uplands of Galilee where you can glimpse the outline of Nazareth. Adjusting east one sees across the Jordan to Hermon’s whited pinnacle. Farther south the view traverses the Dead Sea to the region of Moab. Finally due south arise the heights of Jerusalem.1

    A nearer view reveals a valley between the two mountains into which many springs flow. These irrigate lush vineyards, orchards, and groves yielding abundant grapes, figs and olives. But higher up near Mt. Ebal’s summit, rocky outcrops, “ubiquitous thistles and prickly shrubs” abound.2

    • History Preview:

    Among this high setting Adam Zertal, an Israeli archaeologist, arrived in the 1980’s on a government survey mission. There he found what ultimately he came to believe was an ancient Hebrew altar.


    Joshua Commanding Sun Stand Still


    National Gallery of Art

    Licensed under CC-CC0 1.0

    This claim paralleled biblically attested events of Deuteronomy and the Book of Joshua. Unsurprisingly, the announcement spawned a worldwide stir.

    The-Torah-or-Pentateuch

    Photo by cottonbro studio on Pexels.com

    Yet, this notion ran contrary to scholarly understanding. It was thus ultimately largely dismissed, even scoffed at.

    Some forty years later an archaeological team, headed by Dr. Stripling, moved some of Zertal’s dump piles off site. To that material they applied a perfected wet sifting technique. Many small, previously missed artifacts they found as a result.

    One particularly intrigued. The tiny lead object they thought a defixio, a curse tablet.

    Having had significant previous experience with such, they anticipated inside an inscribed curse.

    When, however, they attempted to open it, a small corner crumbled. That endeavor they ceased.

    Fortunately, tomographic slice imaging enabled scans of what lay within.

    Their report about the resulting photos startled much of the world. Allegedly inscribed there were proto-alphabetic letters pronouncing God’s Hebrew name–“Yahweh”, and the word “ARWR” meaning “cursed!” Furthermore, the words and provenance recalled a ceremony recorded in scripture.

    After public release of the scans, eminent scholars disputed these claims.

    Recently, Heritage Science published another peer reviewed essay about the tablet. In it Mark S. Haughwout , a prominent Hebrew scholar, gives his views. He also largely summarized the qualms of others scholars.

    The article boldly concludes, “The only substantiated claim that Stripling et al. can make at this time is that they have found a very old, small piece of folded lead on Mt. Ebal using wet sifting.”

    In other words, Haughwout determined that there is nothing to see here!

    Meanwhile, the potential destruction of the Mt. Ebal archaeological site looms. This I explain later.

    Mission:

    This memorandum argues that government authorized excavation of Joshua’s Altar should occur posthaste. The reasons are that:

    • Sufficient evidence supports the fantastic claims about the Curse Tablet; and
    • The chance of Mt. Ebal revealing other important evidence is significant?

    Execution:

    In support of these positions I argue that Haughwout failed in his “refutation”, i. e., disproval, efforts.

    Inside-the- U.S.-Supreme-Court

    Interior United States Supreme Court

    by Carol M Highsmith

    Licensed under CC-CC0 1.0

    In doing so I apply an objective measure derived from a prominent authority well accustomed at resolving issues of this nature. That is the U. S. Supreme Court.

    The High Court’s Rule 56 of its U. S. Code of Civil Procedure mandates how lower courts decide motions for summary judgment.

    Summary judgment, I argue, closely resemble our matter. Thus for it a standard similar to that of Rule 56 should operate appropriately.

    My applying an objective measure to these facts frees you to competently make up your own mind about the issues confronted. Resultantly, you can decide yourself whether my adjudication is fair and reasonable.

    Service and Support:

    Embedded as lagniappe with the flowers displayed at the end of each post, I provide links to materials–written, audio, and video. These reflect the tensions associated with this topic. Adversarial material I attempt to display.

    Music snippets I add for ambiance.

    The last post supplies supplemental materials. This includes letters to my U. S. congressional delegation.

    Command and Signal:

    As co-founder of captivatingtwists.com, I authored the thirty-two posts about this matter. As my audience I welcome anyone interested in the issues presented.

    Dr. Stripling and Mr. Haughwout whose peer review articles I extensively review in this memorandum are the authors of the primary sources of expert information used here.

    Ultimately, this memorandum’s conclusions and recommendations are entirely my own.

    The Mt. Ebal topic is one of several within Captivating Twists’ stable of subjects.

    Brace-for-the-Joust!

    The joust!

    Photo by jordan besson on Pexels.com

    Forewarning:

    Fasten your seat belt! Prepare not only to traverse three and a half millenniums of history. Brace also to referee a joust between competing views about human reality.

    The next post, the last of my introduction, teases curiosity about the journey ahead.

    Next post: ” A Mysterious Tease”

    One-Time
    Monthly
    Yearly

    Make a one-time donation

    Make a monthly donation

    Make a yearly donation

    Choose an amount

    $5.00
    $15.00
    $100.00
    $5.00
    $15.00
    $100.00
    $5.00
    $15.00
    $100.00

    Or enter a custom amount

    $

    Your contribution is appreciated.

    Your contribution is appreciated.

    Your contribution is appreciated.

    DonateDonate monthlyDonate yearly
    1. W. Ewing, Bible Hub, Atlas, Mt. Ebal, 2025, https://bibleatlas.org/mount_ebal.htm, paragraph 2. ↩︎
    2. Id., paragraph 1. ↩︎
    Dinner-bouquet-option

    Lagniappe Curse Tablet link /
    Dr. Bob Cargil, “Sagan Standard”
  • The Paradigm

    The Paradigm

    History I

    [Ebal’s Plea, seven of thirty-two]

    This is a story about two archaeology discoveries. Both have potential dizzying impact on our understanding of biblical and world history.

    Closely identified, having come from the same location, they are well separated in time of discovery. The first became known about 40 years ago. Identification of the latter occurred within the last six.1 

    Yet, they poise a piercing assault on a long understood, entrenched, scholarly paradigm—one considered by many virtually unassailable.

    What is that? It is that Moses did not write, and, in fact, could not have written, the first five books of the Bible, that is the Torah or Pentateuch.2 This the paradigm holds despite other Old Testament sources, as well as Jesus of the New, having affirmed or implied Mosaic authorship.

    If not Moses who lived allegedly around the Twelfth to Fifteenth Century B. C., then who? In short, the theory holds that a collection of authors mostly from the Ninth to the Third Century B. C. wrote the Torah’s accounts.3 These late date writers aimed at manufacturing for the Hebrew people a shared identity—one fortifying moral cohesion and reverence for mythological heroes.4


    Photo by Yan Krukau on Pexels.com

    This idea permeates more than the ivory towers of elite universities. It holds sway over heartlands worldwide. Since the late 19th century, the idea has schooled generations of priests and preachers as well as waves of college students enrolled in scholastic biblical studies.5

    This paradigm against Mosaic authorship has a name. It is the documentary hypothesis.6

    Now, let us examine these two discoveries challenging it.

    Next post: “Joshua’s Altar?”

    1. Sean McDowell, Oldest Hebrew Writing? Mt. Ebal Curse Tablet (Revisited) m.youtube.com>watch, (01:09), 11 May 2023; and
      Melanie Lidman, Academic article on controversial 3,200-year old ‘curse tablet’ fails to sway experts, The Times of Israel,14 May 2023, paragraph 5,  https://www.timesofisrael.com/academic-article-on-controversial-3200-year-old-curse-tablet-fails-to-sway-experts/, (7 October 2024). ↩︎
    2. Id., paragraph 2. ↩︎
    3. Sean McDowell, Oldest Hebrew Writing? Mt. Ebal Curse Tablet (Revisited) m.youtube.com>watch, (20:00 and 35:02-14), 11 May 2023; and
      Associates for Biblical Research, “ABR Researchers Discover the Oldest Known Proto-Hebrew Inscription Ever Found”, https://biblearchaeology.org/current-events-list/4896-abr-researchers-discover-the-oldest-known-proto-hebrew-inscription-ever-found, (33:35); 24 March 2022, Updated 26 April 2023. ↩︎
    4. Greg A. King, The Documentary Hypothesis, Journal of the Adventist Theological Society, pp. 22-30, p. 25, paragraph 7, December, 2001; and
      Special Update: The Mount Ebal Curse Tablet (Ep1 of 3), Youtube: Patterns of Evidence, youtube.com/watch?v=YX3TH_nfgLo, Episode One at (29:45), May 21, 2024. ↩︎
    5. Associates for Biblical Research, Cursed! The Mount Ebal Curse Tablet (Part Three, Digging for Truth Episode 200), YouTube, (06:45), May 1, 2023;
      Breaking News “Mt Ebal Curse Tablet Peer Review Complete”, Appian Media, In Roads, youtube.com/watch?v=_15tYO4hqJS, (22:30 and 24:40), May 12, 2023; and Greg A. King, The Documentary Hypothesis, Journal of the Adventist Theological Society, 12/ 2001, pp. 22-30, p. 22, paragraph 2. ↩︎
    6. Id.; and Sean McDowell, Oldest Hebrew Writing? Mt. Ebal Curse Tablet (Revisited) m.youtube.com>watch, (20:00 & 33:49), 11 May 2023. ↩︎
    One-Time
    Monthly
    Yearly

    Make a one-time donation

    Make a monthly donation

    Make a yearly donation

    Choose an amount

    $5.00
    $15.00
    $100.00
    $5.00
    $15.00
    $100.00
    $5.00
    $15.00
    $100.00

    Or enter a custom amount

    $

    Your contribution is appreciated.

    Your contribution is appreciated.

    Your contribution is appreciated.

    DonateDonate monthlyDonate yearly
    Dinner-bouquet-option

    Lagniappe Curse Tablet link / Patterns of Evidence 3
    Dinner-bouquet-option

    Lagniappe Joshua’s Altar link / Dr. Gad Barnea
  • Joshua’s Altar?

    Joshua’s Altar?

    History II

    [Ebal’s Plea, eight of thirty-two]

    In the 1980’s Professor Adam Zertal, a University of Haifa archaeologist, surveyed Mount Ebal adjacent to biblical Shechem and modern Nablus.1


    Shechem Sychar (Nablous) Ebal Gerizim

    Archaic photo
    J. Paul Getty Museum
    Licensed under CC-CC0 1.0

    Entrance to Nablus

    David Roberts (Scottish, 1796u20131864)
    Licensed under CC-CC0 1.0

    The area drips with serious biblical relevance including for example—the site of the Abrahamic covenant, 2 Jacob’s well, Joseph’s burial site, Jesus’ interactions with the Woman at the well, and an incident most relevant to out story.

    Travelers-resting-at-Jacob's-Well

    Travelers resting at Jacob’s Well

    Early 19th century painting by
    David Roberts
    Visitors-at-Joseph's-Tomb

    Visitors at Joseph’s tomb

    Early 19th century painting by David Roberts

    Christus en de Samaritaanse vrouw

    by Rijksmuseum
    Licensed under CC-CC0 1.0

    Of the latter Deuteronomy 11:29 and 27:12 to 28:68 tell. These verses detail Moses’ directions for a rather odd ceremony–the Ceremony of Curses and Blessings on Mounts Gerizim and Ebal. 3

    That event unfolds something like this:

    Because Moses could not enter the Promise Land, he directs Joshua, his successor as leader of the people of Israel, in effect: “Once you have sufficiently conquered a foothold in the land, go to Mt. Gerizim and Mt. Ebal. Set up stones brought from Jericho. Plaster them and write there on the words of the law. Position half of the tribes on one mountain and half on the other. Announce blessing from Gerizim and curses from Ebal. On Ebal build an altar of non-hewn stones. To the God of Israel sacrifice the blood of innocent animals to cover the sins of the guilty.”

    Joshua’s accomplishing these directives one finds in Joshua 24:1, 25-26, and 32. 4

    Of this relevance, however, Zertal had little inkling. Descended from East European immigrants who had lived under Soviet domination, he had grown up on a kibbutz. To him and many of his kin biblical connections had almost no resonance. Spiritually he was agnostic. Despite being an esteemed scholar and warrior—he had been seriously wounded in combat and walked with a cane much of his later life—about scripture he was almost clueless. His academic training had only cemented his conviction that the Bible was mostly mythology.5

    That was about to change.

    Exploring the backside of the mountain he observed a peculiar mound. He did a quick survey. From this he concluded that the place deserved serious investigation.

    Subsequently, his team removed a substantial covering of stones revealing a baffling structure. What is this? Nothing about it resembled anything of Zertal’s experience.

    After a period of head scratching wonder, an under-associate informed Zertal of a possible explanation. 

    The gist of this was: “This mountain people of a biblical slant scoured for decades looking for a particular structure. For it they focused on the side of Mt. Ebal facing its twin mountain, Mt. Gerizim. Convinced that it must be there, they ignored the back side where this site lays on a lip just over the summit.”

    “Could this be what had confounded many?”, the understudy postulated. “Could this be Joshua’s Altar, the one that Moses in Deuteronomy 27 and 28 had commanded him to build!?”6

    Of this, over time Zertal, the agnostic, eventually became convinced.7

    At this point I stop the Harrison Ford type narrative and suffice for brevity with a simple listing of the things that eventually supported his conviction. They are:

    • The location of the site offered an largely unfettered view of the eastern horizon, something essential to the tabernacle’s and later the Temple orientations. Such was not readily available from the side of Mt. Ebal facing Mt. Gerazim. Both Exodus 27:13 and 2 Chronicles 5: 11-12 imply that the entrance of the Tabernacle and later the Temple faced eastward.
    • A huge enclosure made of stones surrounds the altar site.  Bizarrely, it resembles a footprint, not more than three feet in height but over three football fields in length.8 Within it was another “footprint” about a 100 meters in length. (About six such structures one finds leading up the Jordan Valley culminating at Mt. Ebal.9 Some theorize that the Hebrews of the conquest constructed these. Supposedly, they were to symbolize God’s Mosaic promise to give them all the land within the parameters of the Promised Land on which their feet trod.)10
    • A long ramp rose to an altar site.11 Stairs Moses’ instructions forbid.
    • The altar site consisted only of non hewed stones, that is, field stones untouched by any iron tool. This Moses had directed.12
    • Excavations revealed two potential altars, one larger rectangular one encompassing a smaller circular one beneath at its center, both containing bones of almost exclusively kosher animals. (A small percentage of bones belonged to creatures that may have climbed among the rocks and died such as turtles or snakes.)13
    • Pottery fragments there dated only to Iron Age One and Bronze Age Two, both consistent with competing theories for the date of the Exodus and the Conquest.14
    • Another scholar on seeing a photo of the Ebal site noted to Zertal in effect, “That uncannily corresponds to an ancient drawing depicting Jerusalem’s second temple altar.”

    These verisimilitudes convinced Zertal.

    On publicly announcing his findings, a tremor rumbled through the archaeological and theological worlds. 

    Yet, as we will see in the next post, it was only a tremor, not the epic seismic event evidently necessary to shake the illiterate or mythological Moses parordine.15

    Next post: “Zertal Rejected”

    1. Melanie Lidman, Academic article on controversial 3,200-year old ‘curse tablet’ fails to sway experts, The Times of Israel,14 May 2023, paragraphs 1, 5, 38, and 40, https://www.timesofisrael.com/academic-article-on-controversial-3200-year-old-curse-tablet-fails-to-sway-experts/, (7 October 2024).
      and
      Steve Law, patternsofevidence.com, Ancient Hebrew Writing on Tablet Discovered at Joshua’s Altar, paragraph 3, February 4, 2022. ↩︎
    2. Id., paragraph 1. ↩︎
    3. Sean McDowell, Oldest Hebrew Writing? Mt. Ebal Curse Tablet (Revisited) m.youtube.com>watch, (5: 26-44), 11 May 2023.
      And
      Associates for Biblical Research, Cursed! The Mount Ebal Curse Tablet (Part One, Digging for Truth Episode 200), YouTube, (04:29; 05:21), May 1, 2023. ↩︎
    4. Chris & Jenifer Taylor, The Bible Journey, https://thebiblejourney.org/biblejourney2/27-the-israelites-move-into-canaan/joshua-builds-an-altar-at-mt-ebal/, paragraph 4, © 2024. ↩︎
    5. Steve Law, patternsofevidence.com, Ancient Hebrew Writing on Tablet Discovered at Joshua’s Altar, paragraph 5, February 4, 2022
      And
      Associates for Biblical Research, Cursed! The Mount Ebal Curse Tablet (Part One, Digging for Truth Episode 200), YouTube, (10:29), May 1, 2023. ↩︎
    6. Melanie Lidman, Academic article on controversial 3,200-year old ‘curse tablet’ fails to sway experts, The Times of Israel,14 May 2023, paragraph 38,  https://www.timesofisrael.com/academic-article-on-controversial-3200-year-old-curse-tablet-fails-to-sway-experts/, (7 October 2024). ↩︎
    7. Associates for Biblical Research, Cursed! The Mount Ebal Curse Tablet (Part One, Digging for Truth Episode 200), YouTube, (12:08), May 1, 2023.
      And
      Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz, Skeptics of Ebal Curse Tablet Accuse Christian Researchers of “Seeing the Face of Jesus in a Grilled Cheese Sandwich”, israel365news.com, Archeology, paragraph 3, December 6, 2023. ↩︎
    8. Steve Law, patternsofevidence.com, Ancient Hebrew Writing on Tablet Discovered at Joshua’s Altar, paragraph 23, February 4, 2022. ↩︎
    9. Associates for Biblical Research, “ABR Researchers Discover the Oldest Known Proto-Hebrew Inscription Ever Found”, biblicarchaeology.org/current-events-list/, Youtube, (15:32), March 24, 2022.
      and
      Associates for Biblical Research, Cursed! The Mount Ebal Curse Tablet (Part Four, Digging for Truth Episode 200), YouTube, (11:25 and 12:48), May 1, 2023. ↩︎
    10. Steve Law, patternsofevidence.com, Ancient Hebrew Writing on Tablet Discovered at Joshua’s Altar, paragraph 23, February 4, 2022.
      And
      (Deuteronomy 11:23-24);
      And
      (Joshua 1:3) ↩︎
    11. Associates for Biblical Research, “ABR Researchers Discover the Oldest Known Proto-Hebrew Inscription Ever Found”, biblicarchaeology.org/current-events-list/, Youtube, (15:02), March 24, 2022. ↩︎
    12. Melanie Lidman, Academic article on controversial 3,200-year old ‘curse tablet’ fails to sway experts, The Times of Israel,14 May 2023, paragraph 38,  https://www.timesofisrael.com/academic-article-on-controversial-3200-year-old-curse-tablet-fails-to-sway-experts/, (7 October 2024).
      And
      Associates for Biblical Research, Cursed! The Mount Ebal Curse Tablet (Part Three, Digging for Truth Episode 200), YouTube, (16:25), May 1, 2023. ↩︎
    13. Melanie Lidman, Academic article on controversial 3,200-year old ‘curse tablet’ fails to sway experts, The Times of Israel,14 May 2023, paragraph 40,  https://www.timesofisrael.com/academic-article-on-controversial-3200-year-old-curse-tablet-fails-to-sway-experts/, (7 October 2024).
      And
      Associates for Biblical Research, Cursed! The Mount Ebal Curse Tablet (Part Three, Digging for Truth Episode 200), YouTube, (16:25), May 1, 2023. ↩︎
    14. Sean McDowell, Oldest Hebrew Writing? Mt. Ebal Curse Tablet (Revisited) m.youtube.com>watch, (11:40-50), 11 May 2023. ↩︎
    15. Id. at (20:04). ↩︎
    One-Time
    Monthly
    Yearly

    Make a one-time donation

    Make a monthly donation

    Make a yearly donation

    Choose an amount

    $5.00
    $15.00
    $100.00
    $5.00
    $15.00
    $100.00
    $5.00
    $15.00
    $100.00

    Or enter a custom amount

    $

    Your contribution is appreciated.

    Your contribution is appreciated.

    Your contribution is appreciated.

    DonateDonate monthlyDonate yearly
    Dinner-bouquet-option

    Lagniappe Mt. Ebal link / Patterns of Evidence 4
    Dinner-bouquet-option

    Lagniappe Mt. Ebal tablet link / Rollston, One
  • The Plan

    The Plan

    Objective Analysis I

    [Ebal’s Plea, twenty-five of thirty-two]

    In the last post we returned from the hypothetical to the real world.

    Yet, I have decided to embrace SCOS Code Provision 56. It I will apply for resolving our Stripling v. Haughwout issues.

    But this is important! I am not suggesting that the scientific community adopt a similar Scholarandrian governmental rule. Without other safeguards such might be subject to abuse by an authoritarian regime. Of this legislative drafters must remain always cognizant. Particularly now they must consider any rule in the hands of Donald Trump and his obsequiously corrupt MAGA acolytes.

    What I am suggesting is that the general public use this rule as consumers of scientific and academic information. The scientific and journalistic communities may declare that debate on a topic with issues similar to here has reached its culmination. The general public can then apply this standard to better determine if that is warranted.

    I therefore use Provision 56 of the Scholarandrian Code in that spirit. Has the debate over the Curse Table reached a pinnacle? Does the end result rest with scholars such as Haughwout determining that there is nothing to see here?

    Applying our standard can help us decide.

    Accordingly, I first need to determine the material fact(s) of Haughwout’s claim’s. What are his contested, indispensable ones?

    Is-there-an-"Aleph"?

    Is there an “Aleph”?

    Photo by Jesu00fas Esteban San Josu00e9 on Pexels.com

    Such I determine to be as follows:

    Haughwout insists that at least one of the following statements are true:

    • The tablet does not contain proto-alphabetic script denoting the words “ARWR”–“cursed” and “YHW”–“Yahweh”, the Hebrew name for God; or
    • A Hebrew of before 1250 B. C. did not inscribed the tablet.
    Is-there-a-"He"?

    Is there a “He”?

    Photo by Kulbir on Pexels.com

    To decide in Haughwout’s favor I must find that a reasonable person could not genuinely dispute the above.

    I must deny the “disproval / refutation”, if I find otherwise.

    The next posts divide this material fact into four discussions.

    • Does the tablet contains proto-alphabetic letters?;
    • Does it display the word “ARWR”?;
    • Does it reveal “YHW” as the name of God?; and
    • Did a Hebrew of prior to 1250 B. C. inscribe the tablet?

    After those discussions, I give my preliminary judgment on whether Haughwout has achieved his “refutation”.

    My conclusion of this memorandum follows that.

    Let us get after it.

    Next post: “Letters?”

    One-Time
    Monthly
    Yearly

    Make a one-time donation

    Make a monthly donation

    Make a yearly donation

    Choose an amount

    $5.00
    $15.00
    $100.00
    $5.00
    $15.00
    $100.00
    $5.00
    $15.00
    $100.00

    Or enter a custom amount

    $

    Your contribution is appreciated.

    Your contribution is appreciated.

    Your contribution is appreciated.

    DonateDonate monthlyDonate yearly
    Dinner-bouquet-option


    Mt. Ebal lagniappe / Nehemia’s Wall, Stripling
    Dinner-bouquet-option


    Joshua’s Altar Lagniappe / Cargill Excerpt